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The Complement System in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Overview and Outlook

The Complement system is a participant in many diseases such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), hereditary angioedema (HAE), etc. Among these rheumatic diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is proved to have the closest relationship with the complement system.

In 1896, Jules Bordet discovered the complement system, and related research earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1919. At that time, it happened that World War I caused the Nobel Prize to cease for four consecutive years. Jules Bordet became the first recipient of the Physiology Award after the re-award.

After this, complement-related research has experienced many developments and even subversions. Compared to Jules Bordet’s study back then, today’s understanding of complement system is beyond recognition. This article will discuss the relationship between complement and SLE.

Defects in the Complement System Lead to SLE

Congenital defects in the complement system make people more vulnerable to bacterial viruses. This is a major category of congenital immunodeficiency. Interestingly, this not only leads to a decline in resistance to pathogens, but also brings autoimmune diseases.

About 93% of C1q-deficient people will suffer from SLE. Similarly, 75% of those with C4 deficiency and over 30% of those with C2 defects also lead to SLE. Most of the C1r and C1s defecting will also result in SLE. However, due to their low prevalence, it is not appropriate to accurately determine the strength of their association. No stronger innate factors related to SLE have been found. Fortunately, the incidence of such birth defects is low.

Secondary Complement Deficiency and SLE

Bacterial infections, SLE, etc. will cause the level of complement to drop. SLE brings a lot of immune complexes, which combine with complement to cause damage to the body. This is particularly evident in lupus nephritis.

Except that the combination of immune complex and complement leads to the decrease of complement, there are also antibodies against complement. The most widely used is anti-C1q antibody. About 30% of patients with SLE have anti-C1q antibodies, and it is 68% of patients with lupus nephritis. Therefore, a positive anti-C1q antibody indicates a high possibility of lupus nephritis.

Complement-related Drugs and SLE Treatment

The complement system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The pharmaceutical industry has also developed many drugs in a targeted manner.

(1) Eculizumab

Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody. The antibody binds to complement component 5 and prevents it from cleaving into C5a and C5b, and C5b is necessary to form a membrane attack complex (MAC), which is an important link for complement to participate in body damage, so eculizumab can be used to treat PNH and HUS. However, it is a pity that the clinical practical significance has not been seen in the clinical drug experiments for the treatment of SLE.

(2) Avacopan

The latest major breakthrough in the rheumatology research is Avacopan, a small molecule compound that targets the complement C5a receptor.

Recent clinical randomized double-blind controlled trials have confirmed that Avacopan can successfully replace hormones in combination with other drugs. The biggest problem of this experiment is that the number of cases participating in the experiment is not enough, and the observation time is not long enough. Can Avacopan replace hormones during SLE treatment? There is no reliable clinical controlled trial to verify.

Clinical experience tells us that compared with SLE, ANCA-associated vasculitis tends to rely more on hormones. Since ANCA-associated vasculitis can get out of hormones during treatment, it is possible to look forward to hormone replacement during SLE treatment. The complement therapeutics might the hope of the hormonal-free era of lupus treatment.

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Herbal Remedies For Iron Deficiency Anemia In Women

Anemia is a common health issue reported among people under all age groups. Determining the right cause of problem plays a great role in curing the disease. Malnutrition is reported to be as a common cause of many anemia troubles. Let’s see here the herbal remedies for iron deficiency anemia in women. You can easily prevent this health issue by including a good amount of food items enriched with iron concentration.

Which food items are enriched with iron? This is a common question asked by people across the world. Green leafy vegetables are found to be as the potent source of iron compounds. Some of the best recommended food sources with high iron concentration include spinach, lettuce and dates. If possible, feel free to include the above specified food sources in daily diet.

Fatigue is a common side effect of low iron level. You can prevent this health issue naturally by including food sources like dates milk in diet. It supplies the required amount of energy to cells and prevents health risks naturally. As per studies, low-level of vitamin B 12 is reported to be as a main cause of many health issues like anemia.

Similar to iron deficiency, you can also improve the concentration of vitamin B compounds in body by including nutritious foods in diet. Do you know the food sources enriched with vitamin B 12? Some of the best recommended food sources that can promote the level of vitamin B compounds in daily diet are milk, meat and egg. It reduces the risk of tiredness naturally without inducing any health risk on user.

Some of the common symptoms shown by a person suffering from vitamin B 12 deficiencies are fatigue, poor memory and blurred vision. You can reduce this health risk naturally by including a good amount of fresh fruits and vegetables in diet. If possible, do not hesitate to go for regular checkups at least once in a month. This can help you to know the presence of existing disease.

Treatment on the right time can avoid the risks of many health issues in future life. Improper intake of folic acid enriched food is another cause of anemia. Today, you can easily avail folic acid enriched food items from market stores. To reduce the risk of folic acid deficiency, feel free to include these products from market.

At times, including vitamin C enriched food items in diet is found to be very effective to treat low red blood cells in body. It improves the immunity health of body and treats a wide range of health issues.

Herboglobin capsule is one among the best herbal remedies to treat anemia problems. This herbal cure is a potent source of compounds renowned for treating various health issues. It promotes energy level and reduces the risk of fatigue. You can use this herbal remedy with any other medication. Also, it ensures complete safety on people under any age group. To get effective result, try to use this herbal remedy in conjunction with nutritional supplements.

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Natural Sinus Infection Remedies For Immediate Relief From Blockage

Inflammation and congestion of the sinuses is known as sinus infection which is very dangerous if not taken care. Sinuses are a system of hollow cavities in the skull and around an inch across; the largest sinus cavities are located. The sinuses are lined typically with tissue called mucosa which is soft and pink. There are many causes that block this passage such as indoor and outdoor airborne allergens. There are also dietary irritants like dairy, gluten, and chemical additives. There are several supplements available for the problem that are antibiotics, steroids, anti-inflammatory medication and in some cases, surgery. There are natural remedies which can solve the problem in an effective and safe manner possible.

It is essential to stay hydrated. This is important as it will help to clear the infection. It is advised to drink plenty of water, no sugar added juices, clear broth and hot tea. These fluids will help to thin out mucus and help to drain it away from irritated sinuses as the natural sinus infection remedies for immediate relief from blockage. It should be followed regularly.

It is advised to avoid drinking alcohol, caffeine, and sugary beverages, as well as from smoking. All of these substances will worsen the situation as they will dehydrate the system and cause mucus to thicken and clog already inflamed airways. It is advised to drink warm water instead as the natural sinus infection remedies for immediate relief from blockage.

It is advised to have spicy food. This will help to dissolve excess mucus. This includes foods like cayenne pepper or horseradish that can be mixed with apple cider vinegar and lemon juice as the best sinus infection remedies for immediate relief from blockage and pain.

It is advised to breathe well by following acupressure point activation. It will help to open the closed nasal passages. It is important to perform yoga and easy breathing exercises as the popular sinus infection remedies for relief and irritation. It removes the blockage too.

It is advised to follow simple procedure like steam inhalation. It helps to dissolve the mucus. This steam inhalation can be prepared by mixing few drops of eucalyptus or peppermint oil in hot water. A towel should be draped over the back of head and steam should be inhaled as the effective sinus infection remedies for relief from blockage and sinus.

The use of vitamin C is suggested as it will help the body to resist immune system deficiencies and improve overall health. It is the natural sinus infection remedies for strong relief from blockage and reduces pain to a great extent. It will help to feel calm and relaxed through regular use.

The use of fermented cod liver oil is recommended as it is rich in vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. It is effective and suggested sinus infection remedies that can be taken after meals.

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